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%\markright{Smith and Weston: Western Frontiers and Geophysics} % For above

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\begin{document}
\title{How the Western Frontiers were Won with the Help of Geophysics}
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\author{J. G. Smith\\Institute for Historical Geophysics, Houston, Texas
        \and
        H. K. Weston\titlemark{*}\\
        School for Military Advances, London, United Kingdom}
\titlenote{\titlemark{*}Present address Playa del Ingeles, Gran Canaria}

%\author{J. G. Weston\titlemark{1} and H. K. Smith\titlemark{2,*}}
%\titlenote{%
%  \titlemark{1}Institute for Historical Geophysics, Houston, Texas\\
%  \titlemark{2}School for Military Advances, London, United Kingdom\\
%  \titlemark{*}Present address Playa del Ingeles, Gran Canaria}
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\date{Submitted to Journal of Irreproducible Results, February 30, 1999}

\paperno{9L12345} % This is the paper number given to you by JGR
                  % (This command is necessary for the supplemental abstract)

\copyright{Copyright 1999 by A.B.C.\\[1ex]
  \thepaperno.\\  % \thepaperno == `Paper number ' plus the above number
  0000-0000/99/009L-12345\$05.00.}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
To date, very little has been written about the very important role 
played by the magnetosphere during the conquest of the Western Hemisphere. 
This paper tries to fill this gap by drawing on historical documents from the 
years 1492 to 1888, the most vital years for this development. Almost no 
conclusions are drawn as the influence appears to approach absolute zero.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}

With the discovery of America \cite[]{colu92} a new continent was opened up. 
However its full exploitation by Europeans and their offspring was not fully 
complete until many centuries later, as reported by \cite{jame76}. During this 
interval, known as the Winning of the West \cite[]{smit54}, a major role in 
the development of the continent was played by the lowly revolver 
\cite[e.g. ]{gree00}. Recently, \cite{phil99} suggested that the 
magnetosphere could have played an even more significant role. In order to 
pursue this conjecture, the authors of this work have carried out a historical 
survey and have found start\-ling\-ly little evidence for such a claim.

\section{The Discovery}\label{sec:dis}

America was discovered by \cite{colu92}, as illustrated in 
Figure~\ref{fig:dis}. Without the use of the compass, this would never have 
been possible. In fact, this could be considered the most important (and only) 
contribution of the geomagnetism to the development of the American continent.
A portrait of Christopher Columbus is shown in Plate~\ref{pla:columbus}.

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \fboxsep=0pt\fbox{%
  \iftwocol{\unitlength1cm}{\unitlength1.8cm}
  \begin{picture}(8,6)
  \put(4,3){\makebox(0,0){Paste Map Here}}
  \end{picture}
  }
  \caption{\label{fig:dis}
A map showing the route of \cite{colu92} from the Old to the New
World. His real route is shown with a solid line, that that he might have
taken without a compass is drawn as a dashed line.} 
\end{figure}

\begin{plate*}
  \centering
  \fboxsep=0pt\fbox{%
  \iftwocol{\unitlength1.2cm}{\unitlength1.4cm}
  \begin{picture}(10,8)
  \put(5,4){\makebox(0,0){Paste Portrait Here}}
  \end{picture}
  }
  \caption{\label{pla:columbus}
A portrait of Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America.}
\end{plate*}

The subsequent taming of the West took place with considerable quantities of
lead, but since this non-magnetic, there are not geomagnetic variances
attributed to it.

\section{The Next Five Centuries}\label{sec:next5}

In Section~\ref{sec:dis}, the discovery of America was described. Here we will
outline the subsequent history until the present. This is best summarized in
Table~\ref{tab:sum}.

\begin{table}
  \caption[]{\label{tab:sum}
The History of America from Discovery to Present
}
\centering
\smallskip
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{cll}
\hline
Date & Event & Ref.\\
\hline
1492 & Discovery & \cite{colu92} \\
1776 & Independence & \cite{jame76} \\
1954 & Nothing much & \cite{smit54} \\
1999 & Present & \cite{phil99} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

As can be seen from Table~\ref{tab:sum}, there is almost no mention of
geomagnetism or the magnetosphere at all. This sorry situation is discussed
further and explained away in Section~\ref{sec:end}.

\subsection{The Mathematics of Development}

A complete mathematical description is beyond the scope of this report, but 
can be found in \cite{smit54}. The basic equation is
\begin{equation} 
    z = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} \label{eq:z} .
\end{equation}

In addition to Equation~\ref{eq:z}, we also have
\begin{eqnarray}
x & = & A \sin\theta \nonumber \\
y & = & A \cos\theta \nonumber \\
A & = & \int^\infty_0 dt\,f(t)  \label{eq:int}
.\end{eqnarray}
Equations~\ref{eq:z} and \ref{eq:int} together describe the entire time 
development of the history of America. Again no geomagnetic term enters.

\section{Conclusions}\label{sec:end}

Considering Figure~\ref{fig:dis} and Table~\ref{tab:sum} we see that the 
influence of the geomagnetic and magnetospheric terms is negligible. 
Furthermore, equations~\ref{eq:z} and \ref{eq:int} add no insight to the 
problem. We must therefore conclude that \cite{phil99} incorrectly supposed 
such a connection to exist.

In spite of this negative result, research will continue on this highly 
interesting question. For if it were to prove correct, then the consequences 
would be enormous to say the least.

\appendix
% IF THERE IS ONLY ONE APPENDIX, USE \section*
% FOR MORE THAN ONE, USE \section FOR EACH APPENDIX
\section*{Mathematical Background} 
Apart from the following equations
\begin{eqnarray}
E & = & mc^2\\
F & = & ma
\end{eqnarray}
there is not very much to say about mathematical background to this topic.

\begin{acknowledgements}
The authors thank their colleagues for continuing support and discussion 
around the coffee breaks. The editor thanks X. Y. Furore and another referee 
for assisting in evaluating this paper.
\end{acknowledgements}

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\bibitem[{\it Columbus}(1492)]{colu92}
Columbus, C., {\it How {I} Discovered {America}}, Hispance, Barcelona, 1492.

\bibitem[{\it Green et~al.}(1900)]{gree00}
Green, R.~J., U.~P. Fred, and W.~P. Norbert, Things that go bump in the night,
  {\it Psych. Today}, {\it 46}, 345--678, 1900.

\bibitem[{\it James et~al.}(1776)]{jame76}
James, K., G.~Harris, Jr., and W.~Wollops, {American} independence and
  magnetism, {\it Revol. Tracts}, {\it 32}, 34--55, 1776.

\bibitem[{\it Phillips}(1999)]{phil99}
Phillips, T.~P., Possible influence of the magnetopsphere on {American}
  history, {\it J. Oddball Res.}, {\it 98}, 1000--1003, 1999.

\bibitem[{\it Smith and Weston}(1954)]{smit54}
Smith, J.~G., and H.~K. Weston, Nothing particular in this year's history, {\it
  J. Geophys. Res.}, {\it 2}, 14--15, 1954.

\end{thebibliography}

\begin{authorlist}
J. G. Smith, Institute for Historical Geophysics, 26 Camrose Drive, Houston, 
Texas\\
H. K. Weston, School for Military Advances, 87 Blackborn Rd, London, 
United Kingdom
\end{authorlist}

\received{April 1, 1989}{November 11, 1993}{December 25, 1999}

\runninghead{Smith and Weston: How the West was Won}{5}

\end{document}
