%%% ====================================================================
%%%  @LaTeX-file{
%%%     author          = "Mario Wolczko",
%%%     version         = "3",
%%%     date            = "21 May 1992",
%%%     time            = "21:23:42 BST",
%%%     filename        = "fonts.tex",
%%%     address         = "Dept of Computer Science
%%%                        The University of Manchester
%%%                        Oxford Road
%%%                        Manchester M13 9PL
%%%                        UK",
%%%     telephone       = "+44-61-275-6146",
%%%     FAX             = "+44-61-275-6236",
%%%     checksum        = "55628 239 1277 9915",
%%%     email           = "mario@cs.man.ac.uk (Internet)",
%%%     codetable       = "ISO/ASCII",
%%%     keywords        = "LaTeX, PostScript fonts, PS-LaTeX",
%%%     supported       = "yes",
%%%     docstring       = "Documentation for the fonts used by PS-LaTeX",
%%%  }
%%% ====================================================================
% Last edited: Thu May 28 16:14:49 1992 by mario (Mario Wolczko) on madarch
\documentstyle{article}

\renewcommand\LaTeX{{\normalshape L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}%
    \kern-.15emT\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
\newcommand{\cs}[1]{{\tt \string#1}}
\newcommand{\ps}{PostScript}
\hyphenation{Post-Script}

\title{Fonts used by \pslatex}

\author{Mario Wolczko\\
Dept.~of Computer Science\\
The University\\
Manchester M13 9PL\\
U.K.\\
{\tt mario@cs.man.ac.uk, uknet!man.cs!mario}}

\date{21 May 1992 \\
Version 626836.626836}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\section{Overview}

As distributed, \pslatex\ uses the ``standard'' Adobe fonts, namely,
the Times, Helvetica and Courier families, and Symbol fonts.  Bookman,
New Century Schoolbook, Palatino and Avant Garde are also available.
The only restriction is that of these, only Courier may be used as a
typewriter font -- only that is of constant pitch.

In the default setup, \cs\rm\ selects the Times family, \cs\sf\
selects the Helvetica family (actually a reduced variant), and \cs\tt\
selects the Courier family (actually, a semi-condensed variant).  Here
is a complete table:

\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{|l|ccc|}
    \hline
    Series &\multicolumn{3}{c|}{Shape}\\
           & \cs\normalshape & \cs\it & \cs\sl \\
    \hline
    \hline
    \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Times Family ({\tt times})}\\
    \hline
    \cs\mediumseries & Times-Roman & Times-Italic & Times-Oblique \\
    \cs\bf	     & Times-Bold  & Times-BoldItalic & Times-BoldOblique\\
    \hline
    \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Helvetica Family ({\tt helveticareduced})}\\
    \hline
    \cs\mediumseries & Helvetica & Helvetica-Oblique & Helvetica-Oblique \\
    \cs\bf	     & Helvetica-Bold  & Helvetica-BoldOblique & Helvetica-BoldOblique\\
    \hline
    \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Courier Family ({\tt courier})}\\
    \hline
    \cs\mediumseries & Courier & Courier-Oblique & Courier-Oblique \\
    \cs\bf	     & Courier-Bold  & Courier-BoldOblique & Courier-BoldOblique\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}

In addition, the following families may also be used:

\hbox to\linewidth{\small\hss\begin{tabular}{|l|ccc|}
    \hline
    Series &\multicolumn{3}{c|}{Shape}\\
           & \cs\normalshape & \cs\it & \cs\sl \\
    \hline
    \hline
    \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Avant Garde Family ({\tt avantgarde})}\\
    \hline
    \cs\mediumseries & AvantGarde-Book & AvantGarde-BookOblique & AvantGarde-BookOblique \\
    \cs\bf	     & AvantGarde-Demi & AvantGarde-DemiOblique & AvantGarde-DemiOblique\\
    \hline
    \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Bookman Family ({\tt bookman})}\\
    \hline
    \cs\mediumseries & Bookman-Light & Bookman-LightItalic & Bookman-LightOblique \\
    \cs\bf	     & Bookman-Demi  & Bookman-DemiItalic & Bookman-DemiOblique\\
    \hline
    \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{New Century Schoolbook Family ({\tt newcenturyschlbk})}\\
    \hline
    \cs\mediumseries & NewCenturySchlbk-Roman & NewCenturySchlbk-Italic & NewCenturySchlbk-Oblique \\
    \cs\bf	     & NewCenturySchlbk-Bold  & NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic & NewCenturySchlbk-BoldOblique\\
    \hline
    \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Palatino Family ({\tt palatino})}\\
    \hline
    \cs\mediumseries & Palatino-Roman & Palatino-Italic & Palatino-Oblique \\
    \cs\bf	     & Palatino-Bold  & Palatino-BoldItalic & Palatino-BoldOblique\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}\hss}

{\sc SmallCaps} variants of all but the Courier family are synthesized
from the \cs\normalshape\ variants as explained below.  No upright
italics are provided.  Some of the slanted (oblique) variants are
synthesized from the upright variants (so-called derived fonts).

In this version of \pslatex, these derived fonts are either created
using \TeX's ``virtual font'' mechanism, which should work with all
systems based on \TeX\ version 3, or by special code that the device driver
must execute.  \ps code to generate them has been included in a
separate file, {\tt makefonts.ps}, and {\sc tfm} files are also
provided for them.  To use \pslatex\ you must be able to download the
extra \ps\ code to create these fonts prior to printing your job, and
your driver must be able to recognise them as device-resident (or, at
least, must not look for PK files).

If you are using Tomas Rokicki's {\tt dvips} program, a suitable
extension to the {\tt psfonts.map} file has been provided; in
addition, {\tt thicken.ps} must be loaded as a standard header, by
adding a line like this to {\tt config.ps}:
\begin{verbatim}
    h thicken.ps
\end{verbatim}

\section{How the derived fonts are made}

The derived oblique fonts are based on their non-oblique (upright)
variants, and are simply slanted by a suitable transformation matrix.

The condensed fonts (Courier) are done similarly; the transformation
matrix performs compression along the $x$-axis (in addition, the
PostScript code attempts to increase the weight of the font if this is
possible [and appropriate], as the default seems too light).

The small caps fonts use the virtual font ({\sc vf}) mechanisms to
select capitals from the upright fonts.

The reduced fonts (Helvetica
family) are scaled (in both $x$- and $y$-axes, by changing the point
size) when loaded.

The metric information was obtained by a modified version of Tomas
Rokicki's {\tt afm2tfm} program, which is included with the \pslatex\
distribution.


\section{Math mode}

Where appropriate, \pslatex\ uses characters from the Symbol font.  As
the Symbol font is upright, Symbol-Oblique (a derived font) is used
for Greek letters.

There is no equivalent Adobe font to Knuth's ``math italic'', so
Times-Italic is used.

When a math character is not available in an Adobe font, the
appropriate character from the {\sc cmsy}, {\sc cmmi} or {\sc cmex}
font is used.  {\sc cmex} contains the delimiters; although some of
these are in the Adobe Symbol font, the {\sc cmex} set is more
extensive.  The {\sc cmsy} font is used for many symbols, and the
calligraphic math letters.  Only a few of the {\sc cmmi} characters
are used, e.g., triangles and music symbols.

The lack of a bold Symbol font has precluded the provision of \cs\boldmath.
Other symbols missing from these fonts are:
\begin{itemize}
\item	a dotless j and math j
\item	``curly'' epsilon and rho
\item	extensions for the \cs\Leftarrow\ and \cs\Rightarrow\ symbols.
	\LaTeX\ uses the {\sc cmr} equals signs as an extension; it
	was deemed too expensive to load {\sc cmr} at a variety of
	sizes merely to support this feature.
\end{itemize}

\section{Miscellany}

A reduced Helvetica virtual font (at $\frac78$ normal size) has been
used for \cs\sf; I have chosen to do this because of numerous
complaints that the Helvetica ``looked too big'' when placed next to
Times; the x-height of 10pt Helvetica is much bigger than the x-height
of 10pt Times (5.25pt versus 4.48pt).  I do not know if I have
committed some sort of typographer's cardinal sin; comments from the
knowledgeable would be appreciated.\footnote{I haven't received any
complaints in the last three years.} If you want to normalize things,
substitute {\tt helvetica} for {\tt helveticareduced} in the part of
{\tt fontdef.psl} that invokes \cs\sansfont.

A similar decision was made in condensing the Courier font.  If you
want unmodified Courier as the default \cs\tt\ font, change the series
settings for {\tt courier} in the {\tt lfonts.psl} file so that what
were previously ``medium'' (\verb;{m};) and ``bold'' (\verb;{b};)
become ``medium semi-condensed'' (\verb;{sc};) and ``bold
semi-condensed'' (\verb;{bsc};), and what were previously ``medium
semi-extended'' (\verb;{sx};) and ``bold semi-extended''
(\verb;{bsx};) become ``medium'' (\verb;{m};) and ``bold''
(\verb;{b};).

I have tried to follow the scheme described by Karl Berry for naming
{\sc tfm} files, but one irregularity is worth mentioning: There is
no space in the scheme for the encoding vector used.  The {\sc tfm}
files distributed with {\tt dvips} use \TeX\ encoding, which is
unsuitable for use with \pslatex.  To distinguish my {\sc tfm} files,
I have appended a 0 to the base part of the filename.

It is now possible to make ``sans-serif \LaTeX'' (based on Helvetica),
``Palatino \LaTeX'', etc., by using the commands described in the
accompanying \pslatex\ documentation.
To do the job properly, a format designer should be consulted to set new
page sizes, line widths, etc., \ldots volunteers are welcome!


\section{Acknowledgements}

A number of people have contributed to the creation of these fonts,
mostly by placing useful programs in the public domain.  These are:
\begin{itemize}
\item	Graeme McKinstry for supplying extra font dimensions for the
	Symbol font
\item	Tomas Rokicki, for {\tt afm2tfm}
\item	William Roberts, for {\tt getmetrics}.
\end{itemize}
Thanks also go to those who provided useful comments, namely Graham
Gough, Michael Fisher and David Carlisle.

\end{document}
